Amir Sjarifuddin

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

(Dialihkan dari Amir Syarifudin)
Amir Sjarifuddin Harahap (Medan, Sumatera Utara, 27 April 1907 - Solo, Jawa Tengah, 19 Desember 1948) adalah seorang tokoh Indonesia, mantan menteri dan perdana menteri pada awal berdirinya negara Indonesia. Ayahnya, Djamin gelar Baginda Soripada (1885-1949), seorang jaksa di Medan. Ibunya, Basunu Siregar (1890-1931), dari keluarga Batak yang telah membaur dengan masyarakat Melayu-Islam di Deli. Ayahnya keturunan keluarga kepala adat dari Pasar Matanggor di Padang Lawas Tapanuli.

Pendidikan

Amir menikmati pendidikan di ELS atau sekolah dasar Belanda di Medan pada tahun 1914 hingga selesai Agustus 1921. Atas undangan saudara sepupunya, T.S.G. Mulia yang baru saja diangkat sebagai anggota Volksraad dan belajar di kota Leiden sejak 1911, Amir pun berangkat ke Leiden. Tak lama setelah kedatangannya dalam kurun waktu 1926-1927 dia menjadi anggota pengurus perhimpunan siswa Gymnasium di Haarlem, selama masa itu pula Amir aktif terlibat dalam diskusi-diskusi kelompok kristen misalnya dalam CSV-op Java yang menjadi cikal bakal GMKI (Gerakan Mahasiswa Kristen Indonesia). Ia tinggal di rumah guru pemeluk Kristen Calvinis, Dirk Smink, dan di sini juga Mulia menumpang.

Namun pada September 1927, sesudah lulus ujian tingkat kedua, Amir kembali ke kampung halaman karena masalah keluarga, walaupun teman-teman dekatnya mendesak agar menyelesaikan pendidikannya di Leiden. Kemudian Amir masuk Sekolah Hukum di Batavia, menumpang di rumah Mulia (sepupunya) yang telah menjabat sebagai direktur sekolah pendidikan guru di Jatinegara. Kemudian Amir pindah ke asrama pelajar Indonesisch Clubgebouw, Kramat 106, ia ditampung oleh senior satu sekolahnya, Mr. Muhammad Yamin.

[sunting] Perjuangan

Menjelang invasi Jepang ke Hindia Belanda, Amir berusaha—menyetujui dan menjalankan garis Komunis Internasional agar kaum kiri menggalang aliansi dengan kekuatan kapitalis untuk menghancurkan Fasisme. Barangkali ini mempunyai hubungan dengan pekerjaan politik Musso dengan kedatangannya ke Hindia Belanda dalam tahun 1936.

Ia kemudian dihubungi oleh anggota-anggota kabinet Gubernur Jenderal, menggalang semua kekuatan anti-fasis untuk bekerja bersama dinas rahasia Belanda dalam menghadapi serbuan Jepang. Rencana itu tidak banyak mendapat sambutan. Rekan-rekannya sesama aktivis masih belum pulih kepercayaan terhadapnya akibat polemik di awal tahun 1940-an, serta tidak paham akan strateginya melawan Jepang. Mereka ingin menempuh taktik lain yaitu, berkolaborasi dengan Jepang dengan harapan Jepang akan memberi kemerdekaan kepada Hindia Belanda setelah kolonialis Belanda dikalahkan. Dalam hal ini garis Amir yang terbukti benar.

Pada bulan Januari 1943 ia tertangkap oleh fasis Jepang, di tengah gelombang-gelombang penangkapan yang berpusat di Surabaya. Kejadian ini dapat ditafsirkan sebagai terbongkarnya jaringan suatu organisasi anti fasisme Jepang yang sedikit banyak mempunyai hubungan dengan Amir. Terutama dari sisa-sisa kelompok inilah Amir, kelak ketika menjadi Menteri Pertahanan, mengangkat para pembantunya yang terdekat. Namun demikian identifikasi penting kejadian Surabaya itu, dari sedikit yang kita ketahui melalui sidang-sidang pengadilan mereka tahun 1944, hukuman terberat dijatuhkan pada bekas para pemimpin Gerindo dan Partindo Surabaya.

Sebuah dokumen NEFIS (Netherlands Expeditionary Forces Intelligence Service), instansi rahasia yang dipimpin Van Mook, tertanggal 9 Juni 1947 menulis tentang Amir; "ia mempunyai pengaruh besar di kalangan massa dan orang yang tak mengenal kata takut". Belanda mungkin tahu bahwa penghargaan berbau mitos terhadapnya di kalangan Pesindo berasal dari cerita para tahanan sesamanya. Bagaimana ia menghadapi siksaan fisik dan moral yang dijatuhkan Jepang. Diceritakan, misalnya, bagaimana ia tertawa ketika para penyiksa menggantungnya dengan kaki di atas.

Dalam Persetujuan Renville tanggungjawab yang berat ini terletak dipundak kaum Komunis, khususnya Amir sebagai negosiator utama dari Republik Indonesia. Kabinet Amir Sjarifuddin mengundurkan diri dengan sukarela dan tanpa perlawanan samasekali, ketika disalahkan atas persetujuan Renville oleh golongan Masyumi dan Nasionalis.

[sunting] Jabatan

• Menteri pada Kabinet Presidensial, Kabinet Sjahrir I, Kabinet Sjahrir II, Kabinet Sjahrir III
• Perdana Menteri: 3 Juli 1947 – 29 Januari 1948, membentuk Kabinet Amir Sjarifuddin I dan Kabinet Amir Sjarifuddin II

[sunting] Peristiwa Madiun

Setelah Peristiwa Madiun 1948, pemerintahan Hatta menuduh PKI berupaya membentuk negara komunis di Madiun dan menyatakan perang terhadap mereka. Amir Sjarifuddin, sebagai salah seorang tokoh PKI, yang pada saat peristiwa Madiun meletus sedang berada di Yogyakarta dalam rangka kongres Serikat Buruh Kereta Api (SBKA) turut ditangkap beserta beberapa kawannya.

19 Desember 1948, sekitar tengah malam, di dekat desa Ngalihan, kepala Amir Sjarifuddin ditembak dengan pistol oleh seorang letnan Polisi Militer, sebuah satuan khusus dalam Angkatan Bersenjata Indonesia. Sebelum itu beberapa orang penduduk desa setempat diperintahkan menggali sebuah lubang kubur besar. Dari rombongan sebelas orang yang diangkut dengan truk dari penjara di Solo, Amir orang pertama yang dieksekusi malam itu. Beberapa hari sebelumnya, ia dan beberapa orang lainnya, secara diam-diam telah dipindahkan ke rumah penjara ini dari tempat penahanan mereka di Benteng Yogyakarta

Ernest Douwes Dekker

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ernest François Eugène Douwes Dekker (October 8, 1879 in Pasuruan, East Java, – August 28, 1950 in Bandung, West Java) was an Indonesian freedom fighter and politician of Dutch descent. He was related to the famous Dutch writer, Multatuli, whose real name was Eduard Douwes Dekker. In his youth, he took part in the Second Boer War in South Africa on the Boer side. His thoughts were highly influential in early years of the Indonesian freedom movement.

After Indonesian independence, he adopted the Javanese name, Danoedirdja Setiaboeddhi.

Early years

Douwes Dekker was born in Pasuruan, in the north eastern city of Java, 80 km south of Surabaya. His father was Auguste Henri Edouard Douwes Dekker, a broker and bank agent,^[1] of a Dutch family living in the then-Dutch East Indies. His mother was Louisa Margaretha Neumann, of half-German and half-Javanese descent; the younger Douwes Dekker was related to the famous writer, Eduard Douwes Dekker, author of Max Havelaar, who was his grandfather's brother.^[2]

After studying in Lower School in Pasuruan, he moved to Surabaya, and later to Batavia. In 1897, he gained his diploma and worked on a coffee plantation in Malang, East Java. Later he moved to a sugar plantation in Kraksaan, East Java. During his years in these plantations, he came in contact with ordinary Javanese and saw the realities of their hard work.

Second Boer War

In 1900, along with his brothers Julius and Hugo, he decided to volunteer for service in the Second Boer War.^[2] They arrived in Transvaal, and became citizens of that state.^[1] He based his actions on the belief that the Boers were victims of British expansionism, and as fellow descendant of the Dutch, he was obliged to help. In the course of the war, he was captured by the British and placed in an internment camp on Ceylon.

Douwes Dekker was later released and returned to the Dutch East Indies and Paris in 1903.

Indonesian struggle

In the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker, then still in his twenties, started a career as a journalist, first in Semarang and later in Batavia. On May 5, 1903 he married Clara Charlotte Deije, who would bear him three children. Unlike other people of European descent, he did not favour colonialism, strongly advocating self-management, and finally the independence, of the Dutch East Indies. This was prompted partly by his experience in watching the lives of plantation workers and partly by discrimination he had suffered, through being only considered half-Dutch and a second-class citizen.

During these times, he published many articles advocating independence, and "Indies nationalism".^[3] In 1913, close associates of Douwes Dekker, including physicians Tjipto Mangunkusumo and Suwardi Surjaningrat, established the Native Committee in Bandung, which later became Indische Partij.^[1][4] This was considered a breakthrough, because most organisations had never so openly advocated independence. In March 1913, the party claimed approximately 7000 members, approximately 5500 of whom where Indos (people of mixed Dutch-Indonesian ancestry) along with 1500 native Indonesians. The Colonial government quickly became worried and the party was forbidden. This led to the exile to the Netherlands of Douwes Dekker and his two Javanese associates. In exile, they worked with liberal Dutchmen and compatriot students. It is believed that the term Indonesia was first used in the name of an organization, the Indonesian Alliance of Students, with which they were associated during the early 1920s.^[3]

Later he was allowed to return to the East Indies. In 1922, he taught in Bandung in a lower school. Two years later as head of the school, he renamed it the "Ksatrian Institute". This institute was officially recognised by the government in 1926. In the same year, he married Johanna Mussel, one of its teachers, six years after divorcing his first wife.

Later, however, his activities were branded illegal, and in 1936 he was condemned to three months in prison.^[1] He was still actively advocating independence and sharing his thoughts with other intellectuals, among them Sukarno, who considered Douwes Dekker as his teacher.^[2] Later, however, his influence was overshadowed by the politics of his student Sukarno's Indonesian National Party (PNI), Islamist Sarekat Islam, and Communist Party of Indonesia.

During World War II, Dutch authorities, who considered him a dangerous activist, exiled him, along with many Indo-European of German descent, to Suriname.^[2] He would spend years in a forest prison camp called "Joden Savanne". Douwes Dekker returned to Indonesia on January 2, 1947.

Post-independence

After he returned to Indonesia, he was appointed a member of the provisional parliament, or Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (Indonesian National Central Committee). In February 1947, he changed his name to "Danudirja Setiabudi" which means 'powerful substance, faithful spirit'. In March 8, 1947 after divorcing his second wife, he married Haroemi Wanasita, in an Islamic ceremony.

He spent his later years in Bandung, writing his autobiography, 70 Jaar Konsekwent (1950). Douwes Dekker died in 1950.

His legacy is still appreciated in Indonesia; a district and a main street in Jakarta are named Setiabudi in his honour. Also, a main street in Bandung is named Ksatrian after his school. He was recognized as National Hero by President Sukarno. His life is recorded in a biography, 'Het Leven van EFE Douwes Dekker, by Frans Glissenaar in 1999.